Standardized Drive Cycles

There are many standardized drive cycles for various types of vehicles available from different sources. While the cycles are known to be used for enviromental compliance tests procedures, they can be also very helpful wile designing and testing a vehicle electric drive or other components.The drive cycles data can be used to benchmark and calibrate models as well as in dynamometer tests.

The drive cycles can be broadly divided into two groups – part of them is based on real vehicle speed data gathered during driving a real vehicle on a track which is considered representative. The other group of drive cycles is based on theoretical calculations and statistical data to represent how a particular type of a vehicle is utilized by its ordinary user.

The tests frequently used by us for i.e. electric drives benchmarking or control design are some of the most commonly used in the industry. Below are listed the most important of the drive cycles with a brief description, name and the source agency (EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency, WLTP and NEDC – created by UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, Artemis – cycles crated during the Artemis project in EU).

1. Artemis

Drive Cycle Plot	Name & Description
	ArtMW130 Driving cycle is based on a statistical study done in Europe within the so called Artemis project. This variant simulates driving on 130 km/h speed limit highway.
	ArtMw150 Driving cycle is based on a statistical study done in Europe within the so called Artemis project. This variant simulates driving on 150 km/h speed limit highway.
	ArtRoad Driving cycle is based on a statistical study done in Europe within the so called Artemis project. This variant simulates driving on a rural road.
	ArtUrban Driving cycle is based on a statistical study done in Europe within the so called Artemis project. This variant simulates driving in urban area.

2. NEDC

Drive Cycle Plot	Name & Description
	ECE R15 Artificial driving cycle based on theoretical average utilization of a vehicle used for homologating vehicles until Euro6 norm in Europe. Since 1/2019 replaced by the WLTP in EU countries. ECE-15 - urban driving variant.
	NEDC Artificial driving cycle based on theoretical average utilization of a vehicle used for homologating vehicles until Euro6 norm in Europe. Since 1/2019 replaced by the WLTP in EU countries. The Extra-Urban Driving Cycle EUDC – more higher speed driving variant.
	EUDC Artificial driving cycle based on theoretical average utilization of a vehicle used for homologating vehicles until Euro6 norm in Europe. Since 1/2019 replaced by the WLTP in EU countries. Combination of ECE-15 and EUDC.

3. EPA

Drive Cycle Plot	Name & Description
	FTP The Federal Test Procedure (FTP) is composed of the UDDS followed by the first 505 seconds of the UDDS. The dynamometer portion of the test procedure has a very complex timeline of events.
	HWFET The Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET) represents highway driving conditions under 100 km/h.
	IM240 The EPA Inspection and Maintenance (IM240) is often used for road-side vehicle testing.
	UDDS The EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) - represents city driving conditions. It is used for light duty vehicle testing. Certified for verifying emissions after a cold start.

4. WLTP

Drive Cycle Plot	Name & Description
	WLTP 1 The Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) Class 1 for vehicles with ratio of rated power in W per kerb mass in kg smaller or equal to 22. Currently used for certification in EU.
	WLTP 2 The Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) Class 2 for vehicles with ratio of rated power in W per kerb mass in kg between 22 and 3. Currently used for certification in EU.
	WLTP 3 The Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) Class 3 for vehicles with ratio of rated power in W per kerb mass in kg higher than 34. Currently used for certification in EU. The most commonly used class.

The presented plots provide quick overview of each cycle behavior – as many of them are very different and can be usefull for differenet purposes. For example IM240 may be good for quick dynamometer or model tests while designing a vehicle electric drive while ArtMw150 and other ARTEMIS tests can be used for more accurate tesiting routine. Some of the tests such as NEDC are too artificial for estimating the real performance of a vehicle or a drive system.

As listed tests may be useful for the reader, they were exported as Matlab® .mat file and are avalible for download here: Drive Cycle Data .MAT

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